The collapse of traditional institutions during the last two decades, coupled by high demand for the bark on the informal herbal market, has. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative costeffective, safe, and active treatments for diabetes. Canellaceae pepperbark tree, is widely traded throughout southern africa. Distribution and conservation status of the endangered pepperbark. Anatomy of the leaf and bark of warburgia salutaris canellaceae. In these areas, the bush is very thick and its quite easy to walk right past a pepperbark and not see it, says michele. Molecules free fulltext ugandenial a, a new drimane. The bark of warburgia salutaris is used in traditional medicine as an expectorant and smoked for coughs and colds, including a topical application for sores and inflammation. The impact of commercial harvesting on this red data species was assessed by comparing commercially harvested populations. The midrib is slightly offcentre with a tapering apex and base. Isolation of an antibacterial sesquiterpenoid from warburgia. University of cape town,faculty of health sciences,division of clinical pharmacology, 2010 cited yyyy month dd. Unsustainable use and heavy exploitation of the species was first reported by gerstner in 1938. Sustaining lives, livelihoods and landscapes ihc2014.
Distribution and conservation status of the endangered. Canellaceae common names pepperbark tree peperbasboom isibhaha manaka shibaha description this is an evergreen, slender tree that grows from 5 to 10 m tall. In this study, isomukaadial acetate iso 1, a drimanetype sesquiterpenoid from the ground stem bark of warburgia salutaris, was investigated for glucose uptake enhancement in the l6 rat myoblast cell line. The aim of the project was to develop micropropagation procedures for theheavily exploited and endangered south african trees black stinkwood ocotea bullata and pepperbark warburgia salutaris to facilitateconservation and reforestation. Warburgia is threatened with extinction in zimbabwe. Ishs xxix international horticultural congress on horticulture. Due to its popularity in folk medicine, it is overexploited in many regions and is deemed threatened throughout its range. Extracts of warburgia ugandensis have been reported to show some antimalarial properties in animal models species. A previous screening of south african medicinal plants showed that this plant had promising antibacterial activity. African healers believe that warburgia salutaris treats a plethora of ailments and the tree has a high commercial value on the informal herbal market.
In vitro antibacterial activity of venda medicinal plants core. Warburgia salutaris unisa institutional repository. Warburgia salutaris, healers and collectors, vendors, uses, availability and decline, market trends and strategies, economic value, institutional. However, a danger with the planting of such a highly valued plant may be that the elite get access to the planted trees, as the poor and nonherbalists fail to get access to the seedlings keywords. With the urgent need created for the development of alternative and more efficient antimalarial drugs, this study focused on the evaluation of antimalarial agents of the warburgia salutaris stem bark. Warburgia salutaris ji kioko, p berjak and nw pammenter school of life and environmental sciences, university of natal, durban 4041, south africa corresponding author, email. Commercialisation often increases the difficulty in managing harvested plant populations sustainably. In southern africa, the medicinal plant warburgia salutaris is commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of leaf. Sep 17, 2014 warburgia salutaris is an evergreen plant with specific habitat requirements. Sabinet a phytochemical basis for the potential use of.
In vitro assays with l6 skeletal muscle cells were used to test for cytotoxicity, glucose utilisation, and western blot analysis. Presentation mode open print download current view. Department of water affairs and forestry, republic of south africa. Effect of crude extract and fr 30 of warburgia salutaris on the viability of mammalian cells. However, trees of this species are at or near extinction in the wild in zimbabwe. Iv foreword although subsaharan africa and the indian ocean islands contain about 60,000 of the worlds higher plant species, roughly a quarter of the worlds total, less than 8%.
It is found in eastern and southern african locations e. The tree is evergreen and has dark green, glossy leaves that. The specific epithet salutaris is latin meaning healthful. Of 700 mature individuals 38% were ringbarked and 7% felled, and some subpopulations had ring. Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oil of warburgia salutaris bertol. The ability of warburgia salutaris extracts to protect.
Usda, ars, germplasm resources information network. After assuring her that there were no more pepperbarks to be found, rangers, trying to. Warburgia salutaris is one of the most popular trees used in. The bark and leaves possess antimicrobial activity rabe and van staden, 1997, rabe and van staden, 2000, mohanlall and. The use of the stem bark as a spice in east african cooking resulted in the fragrant, often pungent, compounds being explored further. Isolation, characterization, and biological evaluation of. Warburgia salutaris pepperbark tree peperba sun trees. Warburgia species are characterized by aromatic and. Download fulltext pdf a phytochemical basis for the potential use of warburgia salutaris pepperbark tree leaves in the place of bark article pdf available january 2001 with 456 reads. A drimane sesquiterpenoid lactone from warburgia salutaris. Subsequently, this endangered tree species was selected for bioassayguided fractionation in order to.
Canellaceae is an important, overexploited african ethnomedicinal plant threatened with extinction in the wild. Warburgia salutaris, alepidea amatymbica, cassia abbreviata. Extracts of warburgia ugandensis have been reported to show some antimalarial properties in animal models. A fungal spore landing on the surface of the plant has to. Warburgia salutaris in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. Medicinal herbs sold annually by herbal traders in kwazulunatal, south africa adapted. Currently available treatment options in modern medicine have several adverse effects. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled gnu free documentation license. Socioeconomic issues related to warburgia salutaris. A pharmacological investigations of south africa lichens, dessicationtolerant plants and medicinal tree, warburgia salutaris.
Pdf furans and furanones with antimycotoxigenic activity. Diabetes mellitus dm is a chronic metabolic disorder which has become a major risk to the health of humankind, as its global prevalence is increasing rapidly. Warburgia salutaris metadata this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Pdf in southern africa, the medicinal plant warburgia salutaris is commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. The bark of warburgia salutaris, locally known as muranga, is a medicine of great traditional significance in zimbabwe. In southern africa warburgia salutaris is the only species. Warburgia salutaris, the pepperbark tree, is one of the most highly valued medicinal plant species in southern africa. Both species are difficult to establish andgrow in tissue culture because of their high phenolic content. Warburgia salutaris has a severely fragmented distribution and an area of occupancy. The stem bark of warburgia salutaris collected in zoutpansberg mountains yielded a new drimane sesquiterpenoid lactone, salutarisolide, along with four known drimane sesquiterpenoids warburganal, mukaadial, polygodial and isopolygodial. Warburgia is a genus of plant in family canellaceae described as a genus in 1895. Canellaceae, a red data list species development of. The plant is an evergreen tree with fissured bark, simple, glossy leaves, green flowers and plumshaped fruits codd, 1976, coates palgrave, 2002.
Growing to a height of between 5 to 10 m, the stem has a rich, brown bark. The dark green, glossy leaves are paler green below with entire margins. The tree grows in welldrained soil, with good aeration and moderate watering. Pdf isomukaadial acetate from warburgia salutaris enhances. Isibaha is a species of tree in the family canellaceae. Soil should be rich in organic matter in the form of wellrotted compost. In our quest to find new antimicrobial agents with potent anticancer activity, the biological potential of leaves from the three medicinal. Medicinal tree, warburgia salutaris tracy kellermann thesis presented for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the division of pharmacology university of cape town february 2010 supervisor.
Slender, with a dense, erect crown, the warburgia salutaris lends itself to planting in a small garden or a large estate as it has wonderful screening properties. The midrib is slightly offcentre with a tapering apex and. The bark of the popular medicinal species, warburgia salutaris bertol. The english common name, pepperbark tree, relates to the pungent inner bark that tastes peppery. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. Uses, knowledge, and management of the threatened pepper.
Furans and furanones with antimycotoxigenic activity isolated from. Warburgia salutaris, plant extract, antibacterial activity, furans, furanones. Uses, knowledge, and management of the threatened pepperbark tree warburgia salutaris in southern mozambique. The economics of production of a rare medicinal species re. Warburgia salutaris is an evergreen plant with specific habitat requirements. A pharmacological investigations of south africa lichens. V world congress on medicinal and aromatic plants and international symposium on plants, as factories of natural substances, edible and essential oils strategies for the conservation of warburgia salutaris family. Iv foreword although subsaharan africa and the indian ocean islands contain about 60,000 of the worlds higher plant species, roughly a quarter of the worlds total, less than 8% of the 1,100 medicinal plants. A case study of markets for bark of adansonia digitata, berchemia discolor and warburgia salutaris download veeman, cocks et al ies paper 18 pdf 898. Compounds having both anticancer and antimicrobial activity have promising therapeutic potential due to their selective cytotoxicity and their potential to reduce the occurrence of bacterial and fungal infections in immunecompromised cancer patients. Threatened species programme sanbi red list of south. Journal of biologically active products from nature.
The genus warburgia was named after dr otto warburg, 18591938, who was born in hamburg. The presence of biologically active drimane sesquiterpenoid lactone constituents in the leaves, here demonstrated, provides the rational basis for their substitution for bark in ethnomedicine. In the hmbc spectrum of 1 in cd 2 cl 2 at 190 k figure 2, correlations from the methine at 41. Warburganal has been shown to have cytotoxic and haemolytic properties, and 9 jans en, b. Inhibition of mycobacterial arylamine nacetyltransferase. The impact of commercial harvesting on warburgia salutaris. He lectured in botany at the university of berlin, germany, and was also the author of numerous botanical papers. This erect tree is usually up to 12m high in south africa. The structure of salutarisolide was fully characterized from its spectral data. Botswana, namibia, tanzania, zambia, mozambique, south africa, eswatini, malawi and zimbabwe and kenya. Isomukaadial acetate from warburgia salutaris enhances. The english common name, pepperbark tree, relates to the pungent inner bark that. Warburgia salutaris is one of the most popular trees used in traditional medicine throughout tropical southeast africa, because of its ability to treat a wide variety of illnesses caused by fungi.
Warburgia salutaris has a severely fragmented distribution and an area of occupancy of 192 km 2. Responses to dehydration and conservation of the nonorthodox. Strategies for the conservation of warburgia salutaris. The mic of neomycin, used as a control in this study, was 0. In vitro culture of two threatened south african medicinal. Anatomy of the leaf and bark of warburgia salutaris. The bark of warburgia salutaris is used and heavily exploited throughout southern africa for traditional medicine.
Distribution and conservation status of the endangered pepperbark tree warburgia salutaris canellaceae in swaziland volume 51 issue 3 meshack n. It is endangered partly because of over exploitation for herbal medicine. The analysis builds on the information base provided by a recent pilot project of warburgia reintroduction, as well as on market price data from a survey of current medicinal bark markets and on assumptions regarding the prospective future production and use of warburgia leaves and bark by farmers and healers. Pdf the ability of warburgia salutaris extracts to protect against. Permission is granted to copy, distribute andor modify this document under the terms of the gnu free documentation license, version 1. Pdf on sep 22, 2019, nontokozo z msomi and others published isomukaadial acetate from warburgia salutaris enhances glucose uptake in the l6 rat myoblast cell line find, read and cite all the. Anatomy of the leaf and bark of warburgia salutaris canellaceae, an important medicinal plant from south africa. Warburgia salutaris can be cultivated from seed as well as vegetatively from cuttings. Isolation, characterization, and biological evaluation of a. Malaria continues to be a global burden as the efficacy of most commercial antimalarial drugs has been compromised by the evolution of parasite resistance. They are simple, alternately arranged, elliptic to lanceolate.
Pdf a phytochemical basis for the potential use of. Responses to dehydration and conservation of the non. Ethnopharmacological potentials of warburgia ugandensis on. Warburgia salutaris was also inhibitory to most of the bacteria with a diameter of zone of inhibition of growth ranging from 817mm at a concentration of. Isolation of an antibacterial sesquiterpenoid from. The 1 h and cnmr data of 1 were closely comparable to those of 11. Furans and furanones with antimycotoxigenic activity isolated from warburgia salutaris canellaceae. Abstractessential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of warburgia salutaris g.
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